Do Custom Loop Coolers Outperform AIOs? Real User Insights

Understanding the Importance of PC Cooling

Keeping your PC properly cooled is one of the most important things you can do to ensure it runs smoothly and extends its lifespan. Water cooling has become a popular choice among enthusiasts due to its efficiency in managing heat generated by high-performance hardware. As computer components continue to evolve, they become more powerful, enabling users to handle demanding tasks such as gaming, video editing, and complex software operations. However, with increased power comes increased heat, which, if not managed effectively, can lead to overheating and potential system failure.

While water cooling may not be necessary for everyday computing tasks, it's an excellent option for systems equipped with powerful CPUs or GPUs. The decision then becomes whether to go with an all-in-one (AIO) cooler or build a custom cooling loop. Both options utilize a similar principle: water is pumped through water blocks attached to the CPU or GPU, drawing heat away from the components. The heated water then passes through the loop and reaches a radiator, where fans help dissipate the heat outside the system. This cooled water is then circulated back into the system, maintaining optimal temperatures.

AIO vs. Custom Loop: Key Differences

The main distinction between an AIO and a custom loop lies in their construction. An AIO is a pre-assembled unit that requires minimal setup, while a custom loop involves assembling multiple components yourself. Most users find that an AIO is a practical choice for general use, especially for those who don’t have extensive experience in building PCs. On the other hand, custom loops are often preferred by advanced builders who need to cool multiple components or desire a more personalized aesthetic.

Custom loops are particularly beneficial for high-end systems that require dedicated cooling solutions for both the CPU and GPU. For example, if you're looking to cool multiple components, a custom loop might be the better option. However, for a single-component cooling solution like a CPU, a high-quality AIO can provide sufficient performance without the added complexity.

Factors Beyond AIO or Custom Loop

While the choice between an AIO and a custom loop is significant, other factors can influence cooling effectiveness. The size of the radiator plays a crucial role; a larger radiator in an AIO can offer better cooling performance than a smaller one in a custom loop. Some discussions on forums suggest that, when comparing similar components, the cooling efficiency can be comparable. However, AIOs typically need to be replaced entirely if they fail, whereas a custom loop might only require replacing a single component, depending on the issue.

The Hassle-Free Advantage of AIO Coolers

Many PC builders and users consider AIO coolers to be the best option for most people due to their convenience. AIOs are ready to install right out of the box, eliminating the need for complex assembly. In contrast, a custom loop involves several discrete parts, which can add up in cost and require more time and effort to set up. Building a custom loop may also involve bending and cutting tubing, which can be challenging for beginners.

Once installed, a water loop requires regular maintenance, unlike an AIO. Mistakes during installation, such as leaks, can be damaging to the system. Experienced builders often advise that while it's possible for a beginner to build a custom loop, it’s not recommended for those unfamiliar with the process. Reddit user u/-UserRemoved- shared this sentiment, noting that building a custom loop requires a level of expertise and familiarity with assembly and disassembly.

Holistic Approach to PC Cooling

When building a PC, it's essential to take a holistic approach rather than focusing solely on the cooling solution. Optimizing airflow within the case can have a more significant impact on thermals and performance than the type of cooler used. Ensuring that your system can efficiently draw in cool air and expel hot air will contribute to better overall performance and longevity.

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Level 3 Self-Driving Cars: What They Can Do and Where They Are Now

Understanding the Levels of Autonomous Driving

In today’s world, most cars come equipped with some level of driver assistance technology. From basic features like cruise control to more advanced systems that can steer and brake on their own, these technologies are part of a broader spectrum known as driving autonomy. To understand what Level 3 autonomous driving means, it's essential to look at the different levels of autonomy and how they differ from one another.

There are six recognized levels of driving autonomy:

• Level 0 – No driving assists
• Level 1 – Driving assistance
• Level 2 – Partial driving automation
• Level 3 – Conditional driving automation
• Level 4 – High driving automation
• Level 5 – Full driving automation

Not long ago, most mainstream vehicles operated at Level 0, meaning they had no automated driving features. Today, even basic cars often include some form of assistance, such as adaptive cruise control or lane-keeping systems. Many modern vehicles now offer Level 2 functions, where the car can handle both steering and acceleration/deceleration. However, Level 3 represents a significant step forward in terms of vehicle capability and responsibility.

What Makes Level 3 Different?

Level 3 autonomy is referred to as conditional driving automation. This means the vehicle can perform most driving tasks on its own under specific conditions, but the driver must remain attentive and ready to take over when prompted. Unlike Level 2 systems, which require constant driver input, Level 3 allows for moments of hands-off driving, provided the conditions are suitable.

Cars that qualify for Level 3 can accelerate, decelerate, brake, steer, and navigate around obstacles or other vehicles. However, they typically operate within defined geographic areas and under certain environmental conditions. Drivers are expected to maintain focus and be prepared to intervene if needed.

Key Differences Between Level 2 and Level 3

While Level 2 and Level 3 share some similarities, there are important distinctions. Both levels rely on sensors, cameras, and radar to gather data about the environment. However, Level 3 introduces more advanced hardware, including LiDAR, which provides 3D mapping capabilities. This enhances the vehicle's ability to make decisions in complex situations.

Another key difference is redundancy. Level 2 vehicles depend largely on the driver as a backup in case of system failure, while Level 3 vehicles have more robust fail-safes. Additionally, Level 3 requires higher computing power to process the vast amount of data generated by its advanced sensors and AI systems.

The software behind Level 3 is also significantly more sophisticated. While Level 2 systems use rule-based logic to respond to specific scenarios, Level 3 vehicles incorporate advanced artificial intelligence that can interpret sensor data and generate a detailed 3D map of the surrounding environment. This allows them to make more nuanced decisions, such as adapting to traffic flow or safely overtaking slower vehicles.

Automakers Leading the Way

Currently, only one automaker in the United States offers Level 3 autonomous driving: Mercedes-Benz. Their S-Class sedan and the EQS electric model come equipped with Level 3 capabilities, though they are restricted to specific highways in California and Nevada. BMW and Honda are close behind, having introduced Level 3-equipped vehicles in their local markets. Other automakers, including Tesla, Ford, and General Motors, are working toward achieving Level 3 autonomy, but they currently offer systems classified as Level 2.

The Future of Self-Driving Technology

Beyond Level 3, the future holds even more advanced forms of autonomy. Waymo, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., has made significant strides in developing fully autonomous vehicles. Their self-driving ride-hailing service operates in select areas and is considered Level 4, meaning it can handle all driving tasks without human intervention—though it is still limited to specific environments.

As these technologies continue to evolve, they may reshape the way we think about car ownership and transportation. Self-driving taxis could reduce the need for personal vehicles, making mobility more accessible and cost-effective. While challenges remain, the journey toward full autonomy is well underway, with Level 3 serving as a crucial milestone along the way.

Simple Windows 11 Tool Creates Any File Template

Understanding the Need for Batch Templates in Windows 11

Creating batch templates in Windows 11 can often be a time-consuming and frustrating process. Whether you're working with text files, spreadsheets, or other document types, manually creating each file one by one can be inefficient. The traditional method involves generating a single template within a specific application and then duplicating it repeatedly to create multiple files. While this approach works, it's far from optimal when dealing with large numbers of files.

However, there is now a more efficient solution available for users who want to streamline their workflow. Microsoft’s PowerToys application has recently received an update that makes it easier than ever to create batch templates. This tool offers a range of features designed to enhance productivity and simplify tasks that would otherwise take significant time and effort.

What Is PowerToys?

PowerToys is a collection of utilities and tools developed by Microsoft that enhances the functionality of Windows 11. Available as a free download from the Microsoft Store, it provides users with additional features that go beyond the standard capabilities of the operating system. These include system tools, window management functions, file management utilities such as File Explorer add-ons, Image ReSizer, PowerRename, Environment Variables, and New+—a feature specifically designed for creating batch files.

Although Microsoft classifies PowerToys as part of the Windows 11 developer toolkit, it is accessible to all users. This means that anyone looking to improve their efficiency on Windows 11 can benefit from the suite of tools offered by PowerToys.

How Does New+ Work?

New+ is one of the standout features of PowerToys, designed to help users create batch files and customize templates efficiently. It allows users to generate files and folders directly from the context menu in File Explorer, eliminating the need to navigate through multiple steps or applications. This is especially useful for those who frequently create files and folders with similar structures or content, as it enables them to produce batches of these items quickly and without manual duplication.

To start using New+, users must first install PowerToys from the Microsoft Store. Once installed, they should check the main PowerToys interface to ensure that New+ is enabled. This feature needs to be manually activated, so it's important to follow the prompts provided during installation. From the same settings screen, users can also adjust the default file path for their templates.

Once New+ is set up, users can access it through the context menu in File Explorer. Right-clicking on the desktop or a folder allows them to select their preferred template. Additionally, users can create new templates by opening the template folder and adding new files or folders through the provided menu.

When installing PowerToys and enabling New+, users are provided with a set of example templates, including sample folders and text files. However, the tool is flexible enough to allow the use of any file type as a template. Simply placing files or folders in the New+ templates folder makes them available for use in the New+ menu.

Beyond Developers: Useful for Everyone

While PowerToys was initially designed with developers in mind, its features are beneficial for a wide range of users. For instance, image resizing can be cumbersome without specialized software like Adobe Photoshop or GIMP. PowerToys' Image ReSizer simplifies this process, making it easier for everyday users to adjust image sizes without leaving their workspace.

Windowing and layout tools are another valuable addition, particularly for users who work with multiple displays. These tools help organize windows more effectively, providing a better visual workflow experience compared to the built-in multi-window system in Windows.

Despite being primarily aimed at developers, PowerToys remains accessible and useful for non-technical users. While the user interface may seem complex at first, Microsoft provides clear instructions on how to use each feature, making it easier to get started.

Conclusion

Whether you're a software developer, a content creator, or someone who simply wants to save time on repetitive tasks, PowerToys offers a range of tools that can significantly enhance your productivity. Features like New+ make it easy to create batch templates, while other utilities streamline common workflows. If you're looking for a way to boost efficiency in your daily tasks, exploring PowerToys could be the key to saving time and improving your overall experience with Windows 11.

Install Regional Apps on Your Smart TV

Changing Your Smart TV's Region

One of the most straightforward methods I've found for accessing regional apps on my smart TV is by changing the device's region settings. While the exact steps may vary depending on your TV brand, the general approach involves resetting or reconfiguring the TV to reflect the country whose content you want to access.

To begin, I performed a factory reset on my Samsung TV and then selected a different country during the setup process. Some manufacturers allow users to switch regions directly from the settings menu, making this step more convenient. Once the region was updated, the app store automatically refreshed, and I could now see the regional apps that were previously unavailable.

After confirming the new region, I quickly downloaded the preferred apps. However, it's important to note that resetting your smart TV will erase any saved information, so it's crucial to back up important data before proceeding. Additionally, switching regions may result in losing access to certain apps that were available in your original region. For instance, when I switched from the US to the UK, some apps like MAX became inaccessible.

You might also need a new account if the app store requires a profile that matches your region. In some cases, using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) can help redirect your IP address at the router level to ensure uninterrupted playback.

Using Alternative App Stores

In my experience, changing the region through the TV's settings wasn't always effective, as it felt too permanent. I wanted the flexibility to use apps from various locations. This led me to explore alternative app stores.

Enabling developer mode on Android TV, Fire TV, or Fire TV Stick allows you to install apps from outside the official store. You can manually download APKs from trusted sites and install them via a USB thumb drive or a downloader app. Third-party platforms like Aptoide offer a wide selection of region-locked apps compatible with many TVs and devices.

However, downloading from unofficial sources comes with risks, such as malware. It's essential to use reputable providers to avoid security issues. Also, updates for sideloaded apps aren't automatic, requiring manual updates. Not all apps will work properly, especially those relying on region-specific servers, which may still reject your login credentials.

Using a VPN Service

For a more flexible solution, I opted for a Virtual Private Network (VPN). I already had a subscription to ExpressVPN, which supports multiple devices. This allowed me to access both local and regional apps without the hassle of sideloading.

One option is to install a VPN on your Wi-Fi router, ensuring every connected device, including your TV, appears to be browsing from the selected country. Some VPNs also offer Smart DNS services, which are easier to set up directly in the TV’s network settings.

I eventually purchased a Fire TV Stick, which supports VPN apps. After configuring it, the app store opened up more options, and services like Netflix, Disney+, and BBC iPlayer showed content specific to my chosen region. However, not all VPNs are reliable, as some are easily detected and blocked by streaming platforms. It's worth testing several providers to find one that works effectively. Both ExpressVPN and NordVPN have proven to be effective for streaming overseas.

Keep in mind that speeds can vary, and if the VPN server is far away, buffering may occur. Additionally, using a VPN involves an ongoing subscription cost, unlike changing your TV's region or using alternative app stores.

Choosing the Best Option

The best method for installing regional apps depends on your preferences. If you're looking for a permanent solution, changing your TV's region may be ideal, especially if you’ve relocated and only need access to one market.

If customization is important, sideloading apps offers freedom but requires caution and regular maintenance. For those who value flexibility, a VPN allows easy toggling between regions and unlocks multiple content libraries. When used with a TV streaming device, such as a Chromecast or Fire TV Stick, it becomes portable for use while traveling.

Unlocking regional apps has transformed my streaming experience, providing familiar home comforts I hadn’t realized I was missing. While the process isn’t without compromises—such as losing access to some apps or experiencing slower connections—it has ultimately given me greater control over my streaming subscriptions. By choosing a plug-and-play solution that suits my needs, I feel I’ve maximized the value of my streaming investments.

Blade Runner 2099: The Cyberpunk Series Replacing Altered Carbon

The Rise of Cyberpunk in Live-Action

The upcoming TV series Blade Runner 2099 is generating a lot of excitement, not only for its own merits but also as a potential replacement for an underappreciated cyberpunk series that once captivated audiences. The original Blade Runner, released in 1982, played a significant role in popularizing the cyberpunk sub-genre of science fiction. Since then, it has remained a cornerstone of the genre, and the new series Blade Runner 2099 is expected to continue this legacy.

While cyberpunk has always had Blade Runner as a reference point, the genre has been somewhat stagnant in live-action storytelling in recent years. There are numerous great cyberpunk anime series and video games that have kept the spirit of the genre alive, but live-action movies and shows have not received the same level of attention or critical acclaim. Blade Runner 2099 could be the first major live-action cyberpunk project since 2020, potentially revitalizing the genre.

A New Hope for Cyberpunk

Blade Runner 2099 could emerge as the best live-action cyberpunk show since Altered Carbon. In 2018, Altered Carbon set a high standard for how cyberpunk could be adapted into a serialized format. The show’s atmosphere, world-building, plot, futuristic technology, and philosophical themes all contributed to a compelling cyberpunk narrative. Unfortunately, Altered Carbon was canceled after its second season in 2020, which marked a decline in quality compared to the first season. This cancellation left a gap in the live-action cyberpunk landscape that has yet to be filled.

Since then, there have been other science fiction shows that have been well-received, but none have captured the essence of cyberpunk like Altered Carbon did. Blade Runner 2099 offers a chance to change that. As the original Blade Runner helped shape the cyberpunk genre, the new series is expected to deliver on the visual and thematic elements that define the genre—neon lights, rainy cityscapes, and a sense of gloom that is synonymous with cyberpunk.

A Do-Over for Altered Carbon

Blade Runner 2099 has the potential to not only replace Altered Carbon as the top live-action cyberpunk show but to surpass it entirely. Altered Carbon’s second season was widely criticized for being lackluster after the impressive debut of the first season. It failed to maintain the momentum that made the first season so memorable, leaving fans disappointed. Blade Runner 2099 could serve as a do-over for Altered Carbon's second season, reminding viewers of what makes a live-action cyberpunk show truly exceptional.

Altered Carbon’s first season introduced a richly detailed cyberpunk world, but the second season fell short of those expectations. Blade Runner 2099 can bring back the spectacle and depth that defined the first season of Altered Carbon, offering a more cohesive and engaging experience for viewers.

Both Blade Runner and Altered Carbon are based on acclaimed science fiction novels. Blade Runner was inspired by Philip K. Dick’s "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep," while Altered Carbon is a loose adaptation of Richard K. Morgan’s Takeshi Kovacs trilogy. These literary roots add depth to both series, reinforcing their status as important contributions to the cyberpunk genre.

A Spiritual Successor

The similarities between Blade Runner 2099 and Altered Carbon make the former feel like a spiritual successor to the latter. Both shows share a similar cyberpunk setting and explore themes of identity and the impact of technology on humanity. Even though they are set in different universes, Blade Runner 2099 will likely resonate with fans of Altered Carbon in ways that few other shows have.

As the cyberpunk genre continues to evolve, Blade Runner 2099 represents a promising step forward. With its potential to capture the essence of cyberpunk in a live-action format, it could mark a new era for the genre and provide a much-needed revival of the style that has been missing from mainstream television.

This Laundry Detergent Bottle Fixes a Common Problem With a Smart Design

The Power of Ultra-Concentrated Detergent

Most people believe that the more laundry detergent you use, the cleaner your clothes will be. However, using too much can actually do more harm than good. It leads to wasted money on overusing concentrated formulas and contributes to water pollution. Fortunately, there is a solution that offers powerful cleaning without the excess.

Swash's "Smells Like Clean Laundry" detergent is a game-changer. This ultra-concentrated formula dispenses a small yet potent dose of fragrance that leaves your clothes smelling fresh and clean. Designed to eliminate the need for heavy-handed laundry days, Swash’s innovative bottle features an auto-stop top that allows you to squeeze once for regular loads and twice for larger ones. A 30-ounce bottle can handle up to 80 loads of laundry and works with both high-efficiency and non-HE washing machines.

Consumers love that they can preserve more of the detergent due to the packaging design, which strategically disperses a smaller, more accurate amount of liquid. The high-concentrated formula is also packed with more cleaning agents per drop, making each squeeze potent enough to tackle even the toughest stains like food and paint.

Many reviewers have praised the convenience of Swash’s smaller bottle. One reviewer mentioned, “It makes it so easy, especially if you have a condition that makes your hand a little weak and you can’t hold a big bottle.” Another said, “It fits in one hand and it does all the math stuff for you, just turn it over. Squeeze and done.”

“This is my new favorite laundry soap,” one Walmart shopper wrote. With a 4.5-star average rating, many consumers agree that Swash’s ultra-concentrated option is a must-try.

Customer Reviews Highlight the Benefits

“Great Stuff!!!! I do a LOT of laundry and this does the job. It takes out all odors. Works in my speed queen top loader. Two squirts largest load. For years up until now I have used ALL Free and Clear. This is better because it is smaller and no drippy mess.” — Mrs. JDK

“Love this detergent. The fragrance isn’t overpowering. I wash my entire family’s clothes with Swash. Scent is exactly its name ‘Smells Like Clean Laundry’.” — Casi

“This Laundry soap is great! It smells so fresh and not perfumed in any way. The recommended amount is enough, one squeeze per load and I put two for large and it works so good. Less storage as well which means a cleaner less cluttered area.” — Teresa

“I don’t want to let the secret out. I want to make sure I don’t have trouble getting it. Lol one squirt of this stuff is all you need. It is amazing. And it comes in different smells. They have different scents also, and I think unscented.” — anonymous

Additional Laundry Must-Haves

Transform your laundry routine with these upgrades:

DedCool
A trendy luxury laundry soap scented like bergamot. DedCool transforms many of its incredible-smelling scents into non-toxic detergents made for clothes, sheets, intimates, delicates, and life. One of their most popular fragrances, Dedtergent in Xtra Milk, has your fabrics smelling like amber, bergamot, and white musk. It comes in an eco-conscious aluminum carton that holds enough soap for 60 washes and can be replenished from one of the brand's many refill options. $35 at DedCool.

Affresh Washing Machine Cleaning Tablets
These reader-favorite tablets promise to make cleaning your washing machine an effortless process. Just pop an Affresh tablet into either your top- or front-loading machine, run it on a normal wash cycle, and the time-release formula eliminates any grime or odor-causing residues from every part of your washing machine. 6-pack: $11 at Amazon.

Handy Laundry Wool Dryer Balls
Reusable wool dryer balls are a great alternative to dryer sheets. These 6-piece sets by Handy Laundry are made from 100% New Zealand premium wool that won't shed lint and are reusable for 1,000+ loads. They absorb moisture, so your clothes spend less time in the dryer and naturally add softness to fabrics. $13 at Amazon.

Lint Removal Vacuum Attachment
This cleaning attachment and long-bristled brush combo can help remove years' worth of lint buildup from your dryer vent, which is not only unsightly but can be a potential fire hazard. The flexible hose attaches to most vacuum cleaners and can also be useful for sucking out dust bunnies from deep underneath furniture or appliances. $8+ at Amazon.

Laundry Detergent Holder Stand
This clever stand makes struggling with clumsy, heavy jugs of laundry detergent a thing of the past. It’s built on a set of non-slip feet and has a tilted surface so the contents are constantly flowing to the pour spout to make pouring a breeze. $25 at Amazon.

Miss Mouth Stain Remover
This magical spray is a safer and more eco-friendly option compared to other stain removers on the market. The water-based and pH-neutral formula promises to eradicate some of the greatest offenders, including grease and coffee. A frequent bestseller during major shopping events like Amazon Prime Day, reviewers have dubbed this stain treater "magic." $8 at Amazon.

Glamorous Wash Fine Laundry Detergent
Back in 2022, a writer splurged on a bottle of this fragrant Glamorous Wash laundry soap in the popular scent Diva, which reached viral proportions on TikTok. Made by the Texas-based Tyler Candle Company, the scent is described as "a little floral and fruity, but not sugary or sticky sweet." Suitable for all fabrics, the recognizable Glamourous Wash aroma lingers on clothing for weeks. 64 ounces: $42 at Amazon.

Napisan's Vanish
During a trip abroad, a writer was introduced to Napisan's Vanish, an Italian laundry detergent enhanced with active oxygen bleach to disinfect, remove stains, and bleach clothing without damaging fabrics or fading color. According to the writer, this adored pink tub is much different from similarly marketed American formulas like OxiClean. $24 at Amazon.

Fels-Naptha Laundry Bar
Although Fels-Naptha has been around since 1894, this versatile laundry bar went viral on TikTok for its incredible ability to remove old, difficult stains, perspiration, and oil marks from clothing and other soft surfaces. You can also make your own budget-friendly and highly effective laundry detergent by combining a grated Fels-Naptha bar with Borax and baking soda. 2-pack: $8 at Amazon.

Persil Professional Color Detergent Powder
Persil is a German-made soap that swears makes fabrics the softest and freshest-smelling. Ideal for all colored clothing and fabrics, this professional-grade detergent penetrates fabric to get rid of tough stains while keeping clothes looking crisp. $85 at Amazon.

Sleek Rolling Hamper
Keeping organized can make laundry day easier. This sleek rolling hamper has four individual fabric bags capable of holding 11 gallons each, so all your to-be-washed items have a designated place. $37 at Amazon.

The Laundress Shampoo
This specially formulated shampoo is made to gently clean all your delicate knits from pricy cashmeres to merino wools to fluffy mohair. Made with bio-based ingredients, it has a soft, woodsy fragrance and is double-concentrated. $26 at Amazon.

Mrs. Stewart's Liquid Bluing
If you've ever wanted to get your whites bright and refresh clothing that's gone dingy or yellowed without the risks associated with bleach, Mrs. Stewart's Liquid Bluing has been a trusted bleach-free alternative since 1883. $6 at Amazon.

Bedding Dryer Attachments
These attachments work for both the washing machine and the dryer, staying fixed on the corners of your fitted and flat sheets to help them dry faster and with fewer wrinkles. $20 at Amazon.

Unusual formations found in the Pacific may reshape Earth's history

Uncovering Earth's Early Secrets

Scientists have made a groundbreaking discovery that could change our understanding of the early Earth. They believe they've found a window into the dawn of time, hidden beneath the Pacific Ocean. This revelation comes from a team led by geophysicist Simon Lamb from the University of Wellington and scientist Cornel de Ronde from GNS Science. Their research focuses on two seemingly unrelated locations: a remote area in South Africa and the seafloor off the coast of New Zealand.

These two sites, located on opposite sides of the world, share a surprising connection. Together, they offer insights into the planet's infancy and provide unexpected clues about its origins—and possibly even the emergence of life itself.

The journey began when de Ronde created a detailed geological map of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, an area in South Africa’s highveld region. The geological formations in this region have long been difficult to interpret, despite numerous attempts. De Ronde's map revealed a fragment of the ancient deep seafloor, dating back 3.3 billion years, when the Earth was only 1.2 billion years old. What made this discovery particularly intriguing was the unusual nature of the seafloor.

Lamb and de Ronde noted that the geological features in the Barberton Greenstone Belt do not align with the current understanding of plate tectonics during that era. Their new research suggests that these formations hold the key to unlocking this mystery.

The researchers argue that the traditional view of early Earth as a fiery ball of molten magma, too weak to form rigid plates or experience earthquakes, is incorrect. Instead, they propose that the young planet was frequently shaken by large earthquakes caused by subduction zones—where one tectonic plate slides under another.

By examining de Ronde’s map, they noticed that the "jumbled up" rock layers in the Barberton Greenstone Belt resemble more recent submarine landslides in New Zealand. These landslides were triggered by powerful earthquakes along the Hikurangi subduction zone, where the bedrock consists of a mix of sedimentary rocks.

The Hikurangi Subduction Zone Project has provided valuable data on how these rocks formed. The rocks were laid down on the seafloor off New Zealand’s coast around 20 million years ago, near a deep oceanic trench known for frequent large earthquakes. By studying this formation, the experts claim to have solved the mystery behind the Barberton Greenstone Belt.

They concluded that both the New Zealand and South African rock structures are remnants of massive landslides containing sediments deposited on land or in shallow water, mixed with those from the deep seafloor. If the New Zealand rock layers were formed by earthquakes, then so were the ones in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, challenging the previous belief that early Earth couldn’t experience such tremors.

In addition to redefining our understanding of early Earth’s tectonic activity, Lamb and de Ronde suggest their work may also unlock other mysteries. They point out that subduction zones are also linked to explosive volcanic eruptions. For example, the 2022 eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano in Tonga released energy equivalent to a 60 Megaton atomic bomb, sending a massive ash cloud into space and triggering over 200,000 lightning strikes in the following 11 hours.

The researchers highlight that underwater volcanoes in the same region erupt a rare type of lava called boninite, which is similar to the kind of lava common in the early Earth. They suggest that the large amounts of volcanic ash found in the Barberton Greenstone Belt could be an ancient record of similar violent eruptions.

Even more fascinating is their hypothesis that the associated lightning strikes might have played a role in creating the conditions necessary for life. They propose that these strikes could have acted as a crucible, forging the basic organic molecules that eventually led to life.

This discovery not only reshapes our understanding of Earth’s early history but also raises intriguing questions about the origins of life itself. Subduction zones, once seen as sources of chaos, may have been the spark that ignited the flame of life.

iPhone 18 May Keep Camera Button, But Something's Afoot

The Future of the iPhone’s Camera Control Button

There has been a lot of buzz this week about what Apple might be planning for its dedicated Camera Control button on the upcoming iPhone 18. Two conflicting reports have emerged, leading to speculation about whether the feature will be removed or simply redesigned.

One report, shared by an account on the Chinese micro-blogging platform Weibo, claimed that Apple is set to eliminate the Camera Control button entirely from the iPhone 18 and beyond. According to this source, the iPhone 17 series might be the last to include the button. However, this claim has been challenged by another rumor from a tipster known for more accurate information. This tipster, via MaRumors, suggests that Apple is not looking to remove the button but instead wants to simplify it.

This development is significant because the introduction of the Camera Control button on the iPhone 16 series was unexpected. For years, Apple had been reducing the number of physical buttons and ports on its devices. Adding an extra button came as a surprise, and if Apple were to remove it after just two years, it could be seen as a misstep—something the company would likely want to avoid.

With these two reports emerging within a week, it seems clear that Apple is seriously evaluating its next steps for the Camera Control button. Another angle to consider comes from Setsuna Digital, a tipster who claims that the cost of the current pressure-sensitive camera button is too high. They suggest that Apple is exploring ways to cut costs, possibly by removing the capacitive sensor currently used and relying solely on a pressure sensor in the future.

Economic uncertainty and potential tariff implications are adding pressure on Apple to manage its expenses carefully. If the company can find ways to reduce costs without compromising quality, it could help maintain stable pricing for consumers.

Why This Matters to Consumers

This situation could be an early sign that Apple is working to keep iPhone prices stable. Over the past couple of years, iPhone pricing has remained relatively unchanged, but at some point, prices will likely increase. If Apple can delay a price hike or minimize the amount of the increase, it would be beneficial for consumers.

Is this the first indication that we might see a price rise for the iPhone 18? It's hard to say definitively, but if Apple is indeed considering cost-cutting measures on the Camera Control button, it could signal broader efforts to manage expenses across its product line.

What Comes Next?

The iPhone 18 is still over a year away, so there's plenty of time for things to change before its release. As such, these rumors should be taken with a grain of salt. However, the upcoming iPhone 17 launch, expected to take place in September, is just weeks away. This event will be a key moment to watch, as Apple may provide more details about the Camera Control button on its new devices.

In addition, comparisons between the new iPhones and the recently announced Pixel 10 series are expected. Tech enthusiasts and analysts alike will be eager to see how Apple’s latest offerings stack up against its competitors.

As always, the tech world remains dynamic, and only time will tell what Apple has in store for its next generation of iPhones. For now, all eyes are on the upcoming events and the decisions that will shape the future of the iPhone lineup.

iPhone 17 Pro Expected to Finally Offer Reverse Wireless Charging

The Future of Power: iPhone 17 Pro Rumored to Support Reverse Wireless Charging

There’s a familiar scenario that many iPhone users have experienced: checking your Apple Watch only to find its battery is critically low, or discovering that your AirPods case has completely died at the worst possible moment. In such situations, the immediate solution is usually to locate a power outlet or hope you have a portable battery pack handy. However, a new development could change this dynamic entirely.

Recent reports suggest that Apple's upcoming iPhone 17 Pro and iPhone 17 Pro Max may finally introduce reverse wireless charging. This feature, which has been available on Android devices for several years, would allow the iPhone to wirelessly charge other compatible Apple accessories like the Apple Watch and AirPods. While the idea isn't entirely new—rumors about it have circulated for years—the latest information comes from credible sources, making it more plausible than ever before.

What Makes This Rumor Stand Out?

The credibility of these claims stems from the involvement of well-known leakers such as “Fixed Focus Digital” and “Instant Digital.” These sources are often regarded as reliable in the tech community, and their recent reports add weight to the possibility that Apple might be preparing to implement this feature. According to the rumors, the iPhone 17 Pro models are expected to include internal upgrades that would make reverse wireless charging feasible.

One of the key components mentioned is a larger battery. A bigger battery would provide the necessary power to support the energy demands of charging other devices. Additionally, the inclusion of a sophisticated vapor chamber cooling system is also rumored. This would help manage the heat generated during the process, ensuring that the device remains stable and efficient while acting as a power source.

Enhancing the Apple Ecosystem

If implemented, reverse wireless charging would significantly enhance the Apple ecosystem. It could eliminate the need to carry separate chargers for Apple Watch or AirPods, making the iPhone a central hub for all your devices. While previous versions of iPhones have offered limited options through MagSafe Battery Packs or USB-C cables, a full implementation of reverse wireless charging would be a major step forward.

This feature would not only offer convenience but also align with Apple’s strategy of creating a seamless user experience across its products. Users could potentially charge their accessories without the hassle of additional cables or external batteries, streamlining the way they interact with their devices.

A Leap Forward or Just Hype?

Despite the excitement surrounding this potential feature, it's important to approach the news with caution. Apple is known for holding back features until they are fully refined and ready for public use. Therefore, even if the rumors prove true, it may take some time before the feature becomes widely available.

However, if the iPhone 17 Pro models do include reverse wireless charging, it would undoubtedly be a game-changer for Apple users. The ability to charge other devices wirelessly from the iPhone would mark a significant advancement in mobile technology, offering greater flexibility and reducing the need for multiple charging solutions.

As we await official confirmation, the prospect of an iPhone that can act as a power source for other devices is an exciting one. Whether it becomes a reality in 2025 or later, the idea of a more integrated and powerful Apple ecosystem continues to capture the imagination of tech enthusiasts around the world.

ScotRail Ditches Controversial AI Train Voice

The Controversy Surrounding ScotRail's AI Voice

ScotRail, the national rail operator in Scotland, is facing growing pressure to replace an artificial intelligence (AI) voice used on its trains. This decision comes after criticism from a professional voiceover artist, Gayanne Potter, who claims her Scottish accent was used without her consent to create an AI clone known as "Iona." The controversy has sparked discussions about the ethical implications of AI technology and its use in the creative industry.

Gayanne Potter, a well-known voiceover artist, provided recordings in 2021 for what she believed would be limited accessibility and e-learning software. However, it was later revealed that her voice was used by ReadSpeaker, a Swedish tech firm, to develop Iona, an AI-powered train announcer. Potter expressed shock upon hearing the robotic version of her voice, describing it as "dreadful."

The AI voice, introduced in May, was intended to replace pre-recorded human announcements on some services. While ScotRail initially had no plans to replace Iona, recent developments indicate a shift in their stance. Transport Scotland confirmed that the rail operator is now working to introduce an alternative voice "as soon as practicable."

Concerns from Artists and Passengers

Potter has been vocal about her concerns, urging ScotRail to remove Iona. She emphasized the challenges faced by creative professionals in sustaining their careers, stating that competing with a robotic version of oneself adds "insult to injury." Her sentiments resonate with many in the industry who are worried about the impact of AI on traditional roles.

Passengers have also voiced their dissatisfaction with Iona’s voice, describing it as "weird" and "unnatural" on social media. Despite these criticisms, ScotRail previously maintained that passengers would eventually get used to the AI announcer. However, reports suggest that the company is now actively seeking alternatives.

ReadSpeaker, the company behind the AI technology, uses a text-to-speech system that allows users to input any text and have it spoken aloud in a Scottish accent. Iona is depicted in marketing materials as a red-haired woman in a Scottish landscape, further blurring the lines between AI and human representation.

Legal and Ethical Implications

The dispute between Potter and ReadSpeaker has escalated, with the tech firm claiming it has addressed her concerns multiple times through legal representatives. However, Potter continues to push for the removal of her voice from the AI system, highlighting the emotional toll of having her data used without permission.

Equity, a trade union representing creative industry workers, has raised alarms about the increasing adoption of AI technology. They argue that the use of AI in such contexts poses real concerns for artists and voiceover professionals.

ScotRail has not yet confirmed whether the new voice will be a human recording or another AI-generated voice. The company has declined to provide specific details on when the change might occur but stated that it is continuing to work with ReadSpeaker on the matter. A spokesperson added that they expect to provide a further update in the coming weeks.

The Broader Impact of AI in Public Services

As AI continues to evolve, its integration into public services like transportation raises important questions about ethics, inclusivity, and trustworthiness. Transport Scotland has emphasized its commitment to leading AI development in a way that aligns with these values. However, the case of Iona highlights the need for transparency and consent when using personal data, especially in creative fields.

For now, the debate over Iona’s voice remains unresolved, with stakeholders on both sides advocating for different approaches. As the conversation around AI in public services grows, the lessons learned from this situation could shape future policies and practices.

Can AI Negotiate Bills? I Tested ChatGPT

Exploring the Potential of AI in Negotiating Bills

While many experts suggest cutting back on daily expenses like lattes and avocado toast, there are more practical ways to reduce costs from your budget. One effective strategy is negotiating with your bank or utility provider to secure better deals. If you're comfortable making a phone call, this approach could be beneficial for you.

Artificial intelligence offers a range of tools that can help you save money on groceries, find the best online deals, and even assist in preparing talking points or drafting scripts for negotiations. ChatGPT, a conversational AI tool, has proven to be particularly useful in this context. It can clarify language, offer negotiation strategies, and organize your arguments effectively. Whether you choose the free version or the premium $20-a-month option, ChatGPT can provide valuable support when trying to negotiate better terms.

Understanding Bill Negotiation

Bill negotiation involves reaching out to service providers to request discounts or waivers. This practice can be quite effective if you have a compelling reason for seeking a reduction. For instance, if you've experienced issues with your internet or cell service, you might be eligible for a discount as compensation.

There are several scenarios where AI can be used to negotiate bills. Two common situations include addressing random bank fees and managing recurring expenses such as utility bills. Let’s explore how AI can assist in these cases.

Using AI to Negotiate Bank Fees

When reviewing my bank statement, I noticed some overlooked fees, such as an incoming wire fee and a non-Citibank ATM charge. These fees are easy to miss, but having a script to reference made me more confident in calling my bank. I asked ChatGPT to help create a script for this purpose.

The initial prompt was: "I have two bank fees: A $15 charge for an incoming wire fee and a $2.50 charge for a non-Citibank ATM use. I have a Citibank checking account. What talking points can I use to get these fees wiped?"

ChatGPT suggested being polite and highlighting my history as a customer. It provided specific talking points for each fee, which were helpful but somewhat generic. I followed up with more details about my long-term relationship with Citibank.

After updating the script, I received a more personalized message that included my history with the bank and a request for guidance on avoiding future fees. This approach made the conversation more engaging and increased the likelihood of a successful negotiation.

Negotiating Recurring Bills with AI

I also wanted to test ChatGPT's ability to negotiate recurring bills, such as my Verizon Fios internet bill. The monthly cost is $99, totaling $1,188 annually. I asked ChatGPT for suggestions on how to reduce this amount without downgrading my plan.

ChatGPT recommended checking current promotions and researching competitor offers. It also offered creative ideas such as extending the contract, asking about referral programs, requesting a loyalty discount, bundling additional services, paying annually, and exploring promotional rates.

I then asked ChatGPT to incorporate these options into a script. The revised script included a request for an extended contract, loyalty discount, annual payment discount, promotional rates, and enhanced services at the same rate. After tweaking it, the final script was both clear and persuasive.

Strategies for Effective Negotiation

If you need to take a more assertive approach, ChatGPT suggests strategies such as requesting to speak to the retention department, expressing willingness to switch providers, highlighting past service issues, and asking for a complimentary upgrade. These tactics can be useful when negotiating with service providers.

Does Negotiating with AI Work?

While there are no guarantees that negotiating will result in savings, it’s worth the effort. A conversation might take 30 minutes, and there may be waiting times, but it could potentially save you hundreds of dollars over time. Additionally, developing negotiation skills can be beneficial in other areas of life, such as negotiating a raise at work.

Always remain kind, come prepared with figures, and clearly state what you want. Companies are less likely to lose valued customers, so taking the initiative to negotiate can be a smart move.

2000 Honda Insight: Colorado Junkyard Gem

A Glimpse into Automotive History

When exploring the car graveyards scattered across the globe, I always search for milestone vehicles that have left a mark on automotive history. Over the years, I've documented some of the very first Toyota Camrys sold in the United States and even one of the last Oldsmobiles. Today’s Junkyard Treasure is a special find—an early first-year Honda Insight, now resting in a Denver-area boneyard.

The Honda Insight made its debut in the United States in December 1999 as a 2000 model. It was the first mass-produced gasoline-electric hybrid car to be sold in the country, beating the Toyota Prius to American showrooms by seven months. This vehicle represented a significant leap in automotive engineering, showcasing a super-lightweight aluminum chassis and a drag coefficient of 0.25. At the time, this made it second only to the GM EV1 in terms of aerodynamic efficiency among production cars—assuming the EV1 could be considered a production vehicle.

The 2000 Insight featured a 1.0-liter VTEC straight-three gasoline engine paired with a 10-kW electric motor. Its curb weight was just 1,847 pounds, which allowed it to achieve remarkable fuel efficiency. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated it at 49 city/61 highway miles per gallon, far surpassing the second-place gas sipper of that year, the Chevrolet Metro, which managed only 32/41 mpg.

However, this efficiency came with trade-offs. The Insight lacked comfort, performance, and an appealing design. When the larger and more fuel-thirsty Toyota Prius arrived, it quickly outpaced the Insight in sales. For the 2000 model year, the Insight was available only with a five-speed manual transmission. A continuously variable transmission (CVT) was introduced for the 2001 model, but the manual still offered better fuel economy. This dynamic might not hold true with today's advanced CVT technology.

This particular Insight was manufactured at the Suzuka Factory in Mie Prefecture. The VIN's 004xxx production sequence numbers indicate that it was one of the first 5,000 Insights built for the U.S. market. As such, this car stands as a genuine hybrid pioneer, representing a crucial step in the evolution of environmentally friendly transportation.

For those looking to purchase a new vehicle, there are numerous options available. Exploring the MSN Autos Marketplace can help you find the perfect match for your needs and preferences. Whether you're interested in a classic like the Honda Insight or something more modern, there's likely a car that suits your lifestyle and budget.

One UI 8 Crashes Samsung's Latest Foldables

Samsung's Latest Foldable Phones Face a Critical Bug

Samsung's second Unpacked event of the year, held in July, marked a significant milestone for the company. It was during this event that Samsung introduced its first-ever Fan-Edition foldable phone, aiming to challenge Chinese competitors in the foldable smartphone market. While it's still too early to determine if this strategic move has been successful, one pressing issue currently demands attention: a critical bug affecting the latest Galaxy Z Fold 7 and Z Flip 7 models.

Both the Galaxy Z Fold 7 and Z Flip 7 are designed with unique features tailored for foldable devices. However, these models also represent a major step forward in terms of software capabilities. They come pre-installed with One UI 8, which is based on Android 16. This update brings a range of new features and improvements, making it one of the most advanced user interfaces available on the market. Despite this, the software has some serious issues that users are currently experiencing.

One of the most frustrating problems reported by users involves the Do Not Disturb (DND) feature. According to reports from SamMobile, the Galaxy Z Fold 7 automatically resets DND preferences, even when users have set specific exceptions. For instance, if a user configures their device to allow calls and messages from certain contacts while in DND mode, the phone may silence all notifications, leading to missed important alerts.

This issue is particularly problematic because it affects how users manage their notifications. The DND bug is not just an inconvenience; it can disrupt daily communication and productivity. Users are advised to avoid creating exceptions in DND settings on their Galaxy Z Fold 7 and Z Flip 7 to prevent potential notification issues.

The DND bug is not the only problem with One UI 8. Earlier this month, another issue was reported with the Galaxy Z Fold 7, though it involved a different kind of glitch. Unlike the current DND issue, this bug enabled a feature that Samsung users had long requested. However, the DND bug has been a recurring concern, with initial reports surfacing on Reddit about a couple of weeks ago.

The good news is that the DND issue has been resolved in the One UI 8 beta 5 update, which means Galaxy S25 users are no longer affected. However, the Stable release of One UI 8 has yet to receive a patch for the Galaxy Z Fold 7 and Z Flip 7 models. As a result, users of these devices are still encountering the same problem.

Despite the ongoing issues, Samsung has not officially commented on the bug. However, there is hope that the company will address this problem in future updates for its newest foldable handsets. Until then, users are encouraged to monitor for any software updates that might resolve the DND issue and improve their overall experience with One UI 8.

NVNO Shares Drop After FDA VenoValve Rejection

The Sharp Decline in enVVeno Medical’s Stock

Shares of enVVeno Medical (NVNO) have experienced a steep drop, falling by 76.1% since August 19. This significant decline was triggered by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issuing a not-approvable letter for the company's Premarket Approval (PMA) application for VenoValve. The device is intended as a surgical replacement venous valve for treating severe chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).

The PMA application was submitted last year based on data from a successful pivotal trial called SAVVE. However, the FDA found the trial data insufficient to determine whether the benefits of VenoValve outweigh its risks. This decision has had a major impact on the company, especially since VenoValve represents one of its most advanced pipeline candidates.

Impact on the Company’s Performance

So far this year, shares of enVVeno Medical have lost 66.9% of their value, primarily due to the recent crash following the unfavorable FDA outcome. In comparison, the industry as a whole has declined by 6.7%, while the S&P 500 Index has risen by 9.8% during the same period.

The company is currently facing a substantial cash burn rate, with expenses ranging between $4 million and $5 million per quarter. At this pace, enVVeno expects its cash reserves to support operations through the third quarter of 2026. This includes pre-commercialization activities for VenoValve and the initiation of a pivotal study for another candidate, enVVe. However, the FDA’s rejection of VenoValve could delay commercialization, which may hinder the company’s ability to generate revenue.

FDA’s Concerns and the Not-Approvable Letter

The FDA’s not-approvable letter cited several concerns regarding the SAVVE trial data. While the study showed that many patients who previously failed standard treatments experienced clinical improvement after receiving VenoValve, the agency determined that the data did not sufficiently support the benefit-to-risk profile of the device.

Additionally, the FDA pointed out that the improvements observed might have been influenced by factors unrelated to the device itself, such as the study environment. There were also safety concerns related to the open surgical procedure required for VenoValve, which led to re-hospitalizations. These issues are unlikely to occur with a non-surgical alternative.

Future Steps for enVVeno Medical

enVVeno Medical is currently reviewing the FDA’s feedback and may seek a meeting to discuss potential resubmission or appeal of the decision. The company is also advancing the development of enVVe, a first-in-class non-surgical transcatheter-based venous valve. enVVe has successfully completed a 6-month pre-clinical GLP study and is on track to submit an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) filing for its pivotal trial in the near future.

A potential approval of the IDE filing could serve as a catalyst for a recovery in NVNO’s share price. Until then, the company will need to address the concerns raised by the FDA and demonstrate the viability of its products to regain investor confidence.

Zacks Investment Research Highlights

Currently, enVVeno Medical carries a Zacks Rank of #3 (Hold), indicating a neutral outlook. Several other medical companies have higher rankings, including LeMaitre Vascular (LMAT), Encompass Health Corporation (EHC), and Envista Holdings Corporation (NVST).

LeMaitre Vascular, with a Zacks Rank of #2 (Buy), has shown strong performance, with earnings surpassing estimates in two of the last four quarters. Encompass Health, ranked #2, has seen impressive growth, with earnings consistently exceeding expectations. Envista Holdings, holding a Zacks Rank of #1 (Strong Buy), has also performed well, with strong earnings surprises and positive stock performance.

These companies represent some of the better options in the broader medical space, offering investors potential opportunities for growth.

Perplexity AI to Split Revenue with Publishers from AI Searches – Report

Perplexity AI Introduces Revenue-Sharing Program for Publishers

Perplexity AI, a fast-growing artificial intelligence startup backed by Nvidia, is taking steps to address concerns from media companies about the use of their content. The company is reportedly offering publishers a share of the revenue generated from articles that appear on its platform. This initiative comes as the startup faces criticism and legal challenges from some media outlets over how they utilize content in their AI systems.

The company has set aside $42.5 million to be distributed among publishers through a new program. This funding will come from the revenue generated by Comet Plus, a premium subscription service for the Comet browser. Under this initiative, publishers will receive compensation when their content appears in search queries on Perplexity’s Comet browser, drives web traffic, or is used by the AI assistant to fulfill user requests.

Aravind Srinivas, CEO of Perplexity AI, told Bloomberg that while AI is helping to create a better internet, it is essential that publishers are fairly compensated for their work. The company has designed a model where users pay $5 per month for access to a curated selection of content from participating publishers. In this arrangement, publishers will receive 80% of the revenue, with the remaining 20% retained by Perplexity.

This approach marks one of the first instances of an AI startup implementing a revenue-sharing model based on the use of publishers’ content in user interactions. Other major players like OpenAI and Google have also entered into multimillion-dollar deals with publishers to license and distribute content.

Jessica Chan, head of publisher partnerships at Perplexity, did not disclose which specific publishers are currently part of the program. However, she mentioned that the company is in discussions with previous media partners. Despite these efforts, Perplexity AI has not yet responded to a request for comment from Seeking Alpha.

Recent Developments and Expansion

Earlier this month, Perplexity made headlines after it was reported that the company had made a $34.5 billion bid to acquire Google’s Chrome Web browser. This move would give Perplexity control over a key component of Google's ecosystem, which has been under scrutiny in ongoing antitrust court cases. The browser is considered a critical asset for Google, and its potential sale has sparked significant interest in the tech industry.

In addition to its recent developments, Perplexity has been growing rapidly. According to reports, the company has seen extreme growth, with its CEO stating that users are increasingly tired of traditional browsers. This sentiment aligns with Perplexity’s vision of creating a more intelligent and efficient browsing experience.

Analysts have also noted that Perplexity could play a significant role in Apple’s AI strategy. Some reports suggest that Apple has internally discussed acquiring Perplexity AI, highlighting the company’s potential value in the broader AI landscape.

As Perplexity continues to expand its reach and influence, the company’s focus on fair compensation for content creators may set a new standard in the AI industry. By offering publishers a stake in the revenue generated from their work, Perplexity is not only addressing concerns but also paving the way for a more collaborative and sustainable digital ecosystem.

Is Computing Headed for a Lean Era?

Understanding the LEAN Metric and Its Implications

In July, a groundbreaking idea emerged from the University of Michigan, where a computer engineering professor introduced a new way to evaluate the efficiency of processor designs. Todd Austin’s LEAN metric sparked both admiration and doubt, but even those who were skeptical recognized its underlying logic: a significant portion of silicon is dedicated to tasks that don’t directly contribute to computation.

Austin highlighted that more than 95% of an Nvidia Blackwell GPU is allocated for functions other than computing. While these components perform critical roles, such as determining the next instruction to execute, Austin argues that future processor architectures should prioritize maximizing computation while minimizing unnecessary overhead.

What Is the LEAN Score?

The LEAN score, which stands for Logic Executing Actual Numbers, aims to quantify how effectively a processor uses its transistors. A perfect score of 100% would mean that every transistor is actively involved in computing a number that contributes to the final result of a program. Any score below 100% indicates that some silicon and power are being used inefficiently or for non-computational tasks.

The Role of Non-Computing Logic

According to Austin, high-end processor designs can be divided into two main components: the part that performs actual computation and the part that decides what computation to carry out. Successful designs have been working to minimize the latter, focusing on reducing the amount of logic needed to determine the next step in processing.

Where Is Computing Efficiency Lost?

Two primary sources of inefficiency in current processor designs are precision loss and speculation loss. Precision loss occurs when more bits are used than necessary for a given computation. This trend is evident in GPUs, which have transitioned from 32-bit floating-point precision to 16-bit, 8-bit, and even smaller formats, all aimed at reducing this type of loss.

Speculation loss arises when the processor makes incorrect guesses about upcoming instructions. Speculative execution, a technique where the computer predicts the next instruction and begins processing it before it arrives, often results in wasted computational effort. In high-end CPUs, it's common to see two speculative instruction results discarded for every one that is useful.

Applying the LEAN Metric to Real Hardware

Austin applied the LEAN metric to several types of hardware, including an Intel CPU, an Nvidia GPU, and Groq’s AI inference chip. The results were revealing. The gap between the CPU and GPU was narrower than expected, with the GPU achieving a LEAN score of 4.64% compared to the CPU’s 1.35%. However, the Groq chip stood out with a much higher score of 15.24%, indicating that a significant portion of its design is focused on direct computation.

Why Was the LEAN Metric Developed?

Despite the current state of computing being relatively good, Austin believes there is a growing need for more efficient designs. As AI continues to scale, the demand for greater compute power, larger memory access, and increased memory bandwidth is rising. This challenge comes at a time when Moore’s Law is reaching its limits, making it increasingly difficult to rely on traditional scaling methods.

As a computer architect, Austin emphasizes the importance of rethinking how transistors are arranged to create more valuable designs. He suggests that future processors will need to become progressively leaner, focusing on optimizing every component to maximize computational output.

Tiny Devices, Big Security Impact

Tiny Security Devices That Make a Big Difference

Home security doesn’t have to be complicated or intrusive. Some of the most effective security tools are small, unobtrusive, and easy to install. These devices often come at a lower cost and don’t require ongoing subscription fees, making them ideal for anyone looking to protect their home without the hassle.

For renters or those who want a simple setup, these tiny gadgets can still provide strong protection against burglaries and home damage. Here are some of the best small security devices that offer big benefits.

Light Bulb Security Camera

One of the easiest ways to add surveillance to your home is with a light bulb security camera. These devices replace a standard light bulb and function as both a camera and a spotlight. You simply screw them into a regular socket, and they’re ready to use. There’s no need for wiring, batteries, or complicated installation.

These cameras are affordable and perfect for areas like porches, entryways, or garages. A great option is the Symynelec bulb, which starts at around $50. It offers clear video and motion detection, making it a smart choice for basic home monitoring.

Hidden Smart Lock

Smart locks come in many forms, but not all are large or feature-heavy. The Level Lock Plus is a sleek, compact option that blends seamlessly with traditional door hardware. Priced around $280, it offers smart features such as key card access, Bluetooth unlocking, and Apple Home Key compatibility. It also functions as a regular deadbolt if needed, giving users flexibility without sacrificing aesthetics.

This lock is ideal for those who want modern convenience without the bulk of larger smart lock models.

Standalone Motion Sensor

Motion sensors are a valuable addition to any home security setup. They don’t require a full system and can monitor specific areas like entryways, garages, or child’s rooms. Eufy’s motion sensor, priced at $30, is a reliable choice with long-lasting batteries and adjustable sensitivity settings. However, it does require a hub, which can add to the cost.

A more budget-friendly alternative is Tapo’s motion sensor, available for $20, paired with a $23 hub. Both options can trigger phone alerts or sirens when movement is detected, offering peace of mind without the need for a complex system.

Standalone Vibration Sensor

Vibration sensors are commonly used in home security systems to detect tampering or break-ins. Standalone versions offer similar functionality at a fraction of the cost. For example, a GE vibration sensor costs just $10 and can be easily attached to ground-floor windows. If the window is broken or tampered with, the device triggers a siren, providing an immediate alert.

This type of sensor is a cost-effective way to add an extra layer of protection to vulnerable areas of the home.

Smart Smoke Detector

Smoke detectors are essential for every home, but many traditional models are outdated and annoying. Modern smart smoke detectors look like conventional units but offer additional features. The Kidde/Ring collaboration detector, priced at $75, works with the Ring app and sends real-time alerts to your phone. The Nest/First Alert model, costing $130, integrates with Google Home and provides battery warnings and easy testing.

These detectors are a smart upgrade that improves safety without compromising on design or usability.

Smart Radon Detector

Radon is a serious health hazard that can go undetected for years. Testing for radon typically involves sending samples to labs, which can be time-consuming and costly. The AirThings Corentium Home 2, priced at $210, is a compact device that measures radon levels directly in your home. It can be placed in basements or other high-risk areas and provides continuous monitoring. The device connects to an app for real-time data, eliminating the need for lab analysis.

This is a convenient and accurate solution for homeowners concerned about radon exposure.

Leak Detector

Water leaks can cause significant damage if left unchecked. Small leak detectors are designed to fit in hard-to-reach places like under sinks or behind toilets. When water is detected, they trigger sirens and send app alerts, allowing you to address the issue quickly.

Eufy’s leak detector, priced at $35, and SwitchBot’s affordable model at $18 are both excellent choices. These devices offer a low-cost, effective way to prevent water damage and save money on repairs.

Additional Resources

If you're interested in exploring more security solutions, there are plenty of options available. From the best outdoor home security cameras to methods for setting up home security without Wi-Fi, there’s something for everyone. Whether you're a renter or a homeowner, investing in small, smart security devices can make a big difference in protecting your space.

Smashing a 3D-Printed Ghost Gun Won't Stop Forensic Data Recovery – Here's Why

The Hidden Risks of 3D Printing and the Rise of Ghost Guns

The rapid advancement of 3D printing technology has revolutionized manufacturing, offering new ways to create tools, spare parts, and even artistic designs. However, this innovation also brings with it a growing concern: the emergence of “ghost guns.” These are firearms produced outside traditional regulatory systems, making them difficult to trace and increasingly linked to violent crimes. One such incident involved the 2024 killing of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson, which highlighted the urgent need for better tracking mechanisms.

Embedding Forensic Data in 3D-Printed Objects

In response to these challenges, researchers have developed a system that could change how forensic investigations approach 3D-printed items. Known as Secure Information Embedding and Extraction (SIDE), this framework aims to make it harder for illicit objects—like ghost guns—to go undetected. The system allows for the embedding of unique data into printed objects, including timestamps, geolocation information, and printer identification details.

Unlike previous methods, SIDE is designed to withstand attempts to destroy or tamper with an object. Even if a 3D-printed item is broken into pieces, investigators may still be able to recover critical forensic information. This breakthrough was inspired by earlier work presented at the IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory in 2024, which explored encoding techniques that can reconstruct data from partial remains.

How SIDE Works and Its Implications

The SIDE system uses mathematical methods to ensure that fragments of a 3D-printed object retain enough encoded detail for forensic analysis. This means that even if a weapon is deliberately shattered, key information might still be recoverable. The system also includes security mechanisms that could require 3D printers to automatically embed these fingerprints during the printing process.

While this development offers significant benefits for law enforcement, it also raises important questions about privacy and surveillance. For instance, a beginner’s 3D printer used for simple home projects might soon face the same regulatory requirements as industrial machines if such systems become mandatory. This could lead to broader concerns about control over personal manufacturing and the balance between public safety and individual freedom.

Beyond Weapon Tracing: Wider Applications of SIDE

Although the primary focus of SIDE is on tracking ghost guns, its potential applications extend far beyond that. Any item produced using a 3D printer could theoretically carry an invisible signature, allowing investigators to trace its origin. When combined with AI tools for pattern recognition and data recovery, this technology could help reconstruct timelines and identify individuals based on fragments of plastic or resin.

Netanel Raviv, assistant professor of computer science & engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, emphasized the significance of this work. He stated that SIDE opens up new ways to protect the public from the harmful aspects of 3D printing through a combination of mathematical contributions and advanced security mechanisms. While the system may not be foolproof against highly skilled adversaries, it raises the bar for those attempting to evade detection.

Balancing Innovation and Regulation

As 3D printing continues to evolve, so too must the measures in place to address its risks. The development of systems like SIDE represents a crucial step toward ensuring that this powerful technology is used responsibly. However, the debate surrounding regulation will likely involve complex discussions about the boundaries of surveillance, the rights of individuals, and the role of government in overseeing technological advancements.

Ultimately, the future of 3D printing will depend on finding a balance between fostering innovation and safeguarding public safety. With continued research and collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders, it may be possible to harness the full potential of 3D printing while minimizing its risks.

9 to 5 Is 'Outdated,' Says HR Expert: Employees Want Freedom

The Shift in Workplace Norms

With the increasing prevalence of remote work, many employees no longer require a physical presence in an office for eight hours a day. This shift calls for companies to reevaluate and adapt their workplace norms, according to Anessa Fike, founder and CEO of fractional HR consulting firm Fike+ Co and author of The Revolution of Work. Fike argues that the traditional 9-to-5 schedule is outdated and fails to align with modern life demands.

Fike highlights that the standard work model poses challenges for employees trying to balance other responsibilities. For instance, the 9-to-5 schedule often conflicts with school hours, making it difficult for parents to manage child care. She emphasizes that this rigid structure contributes to burnout and disengagement among workers.

The Impact of the Pandemic on Work Culture

The COVID-19 pandemic served as a catalyst for change in the workplace. Many employees experienced the benefits of remote or hybrid work during the pandemic and are now resisting strict schedules and return-to-office mandates. Fike notes that people are increasingly tired of being directed on what to do, emphasizing that the current working environment is unsustainable.

Companies may be hesitant to relax their hours and location requirements for several reasons. One significant factor is the desire to recoup costs associated with office space. Fike suggests that real estate owners have a vested interest in maintaining office spaces, which drives the push for return-to-office policies.

Additionally, RTO mandates can serve as a control mechanism for managers who struggle to effectively manage teams without in-person interactions. Fike believes that some leaders prefer to avoid the effort required to adapt to new management styles, stating that they often use excuses like "it's hard" or "that wouldn't work for us."

The Need for Flexibility

Lack of flexibility in work arrangements has led many employees to seek alternative employment opportunities, such as freelance or contract work. Fike points out that employees are frustrated by the lack of autonomy in deciding where and when they work, including meal times. She asserts that adults should not be subjected to such restrictions.

Embracing a Flexible Future

The future of work lies in flexibility. Fike emphasizes the importance of understanding and meeting the needs of individual employees. While some Gen Z employees value in-office time for learning from peers, others prefer to avoid offices altogether. Fike acknowledges that productivity varies among individuals and that a one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective.

She shares her own experience of discovering her peak productivity hours after leaving a corporate setting. Fike believes that helping individuals identify their optimal working times early in their careers could significantly enhance productivity.

One effective strategy she has observed is the implementation of "core hours," allowing employees to create their own schedules while ensuring availability during specific time frames. Fike encourages businesses to engage with employees, experiment with different work models, and find solutions that suit their needs.

Expanding Opportunities

For those looking to stand out, grow their network, and access more job opportunities, there are resources available. A new online course, How to Build a Standout Personal Brand: Online, In Person, and At Work, offers insights from expert instructors on showcasing skills, building a strong reputation, and creating a digital presence that AI cannot replicate. A coupon code, EARLYBIRD, provides a 30% discount on the regular course price of $67 (plus tax) through September 2, 2025.

Additionally, subscribing to a newsletter can provide valuable tips and tricks for success at work, with money, and in life. Joining an exclusive community on LinkedIn allows for connections with experts and peers, further enhancing professional growth.

Why Mending Clothes Is Trendy Again

The Rise of Mending as a Fashion Trend

In today’s world, where fashion trends often revolve around new purchases and fast fashion, one of the most exciting developments this summer is not an item but an activity: mending. Repairing your own clothes has become more than just a practical choice—it's a statement of values, a creative expression, and a way to connect with your wardrobe on a deeper level.

Mending is increasingly seen as a smart decision, both financially and environmentally. It combines the satisfaction of craftsmanship with the benefits of saving money and reducing waste. As more people embrace this idea, it’s no surprise that a growing number of stylish individuals—men and women alike—are taking their clothing care into their own hands.

While many of us can sew on a button or fix a loose hem, tackling more complex repairs can feel daunting. However, the landscape is changing. Workshops are becoming more common, and online platforms like YouTube and TikTok offer countless tutorials. What’s more, expectations around what a repair should look like have evolved. Perfection is no longer the goal.

Invisible mending, which requires advanced skill, is still essential for preserving high-end or delicate garments. But visible mending is gaining popularity as a bold and creative approach. Using colorful stitches to cover moth holes or rips in beloved jeans turns flaws into unique features. These imperfections become part of a garment’s story, transforming it into a wearable piece of art.

Skye Pennant, founder of the Slow Stitch Club, has been offering workshops in visible mending since 2020. She emphasizes the empowering nature of these techniques, noting that investing time and care into repairing something makes it feel more valuable. “I always say, think about your clothes as a wearable scrapbook of your memories,” she explains. For her, each rip in a mended jacket tells a story, reminding her of the moments that shaped it.

Andrea Cheong, author of Why Don’t I Have Anything To Wear?, has long advocated for learning to sew as a way to connect with clothing and shop more mindfully. When her own repair content gained traction, she began hosting mending classes for her followers. She believes visible mending satisfies a desire for personalization in an era dominated by mass-produced fashion. “We’re always trying to express who we are through our clothes,” she says. “What better way to say, ‘this is who I am’ than by mending something yourself?”

The emotional benefits of mending are also evident. Emily Zak, a consultant and journalist, used to be a shopping addict. In 2024, she took a break from buying new items and focused on repairing her existing wardrobe. Many of her pieces needed professional help, but she also learned to sew at her local dry cleaners. “The biggest surprise was how I felt about it,” she recalls. “I thought it would be difficult, but instead, it was incredibly rewarding.”

Six months later, she continues to shop less while still enjoying fashion. Her experience shows that mending can provide the same dopamine rush as buying something new—without the environmental cost.

Getting Started with Mending

If you're interested in trying mending, there are several steps you can take to begin:

• Practice on old items: Start with a tea towel or a holey sock to get comfortable with the techniques.
• Choose the right tools: A regular needle works, but a tapestry darning needle is ideal for knits, while a sashiko needle suits denim and cotton.
• Use affordable materials: Look for embroidery thread in charity shops, where there’s usually a good selection.
• Experiment with thread: Embroidery thread consists of six strands. Depending on the fabric, you can separate them to make the thread last longer.

Mending is more than just fixing something—it’s a way to reconnect with your clothes, express your individuality, and contribute to a more sustainable future. Whether you're a seasoned sewer or a complete beginner, there’s never been a better time to pick up a needle and thread. After all, those moths might just be helping us rediscover the beauty of repair.

Nike's New Running Top Keeps You Cool With Smart Design

A New Era of Running Gear Innovation

When it comes to innovation in running gear, the spotlight is often on shoes, especially with the rise of carbon plate technology that has revolutionized performance. However, the advancements in running apparel are just as impressive and are beginning to capture attention.

Nike, a leader in athletic wear, has recently introduced a new piece of running gear that's making waves: the Radical AirFlow garment. This t-shirt is designed to keep runners cool and comfortable during long-distance runs, particularly on trails. The top has already proven its effectiveness through rigorous testing by Nike athletes, including Caleb Olson, who wore it while winning the Western States 100-mile race in June.

A Shirt Full of Holes

The Radical AirFlow top uses a unique material called Radical AirFlow, which features numerous holes to enhance airflow and speed up sweat evaporation. This design is inspired by the Bernoulli Principle of fluid dynamics, specifically the Venturi Effect. Every element of the shirt has been carefully considered to promote optimal airflow to the skin.

Jahan Behbahany, Senior Director of Nike Apparel Innovation, explained the development process: “We tried all kinds of airduct configurations, sizes, and zonal placements throughout the testing and development. We found that a funnel-shaped construction of larger to smaller gradient holes, uniformly placed, would best ‘funnel’ and accelerate air to the skin.”

In addition to the smaller holes covering the entire top, there are larger cutouts under the arms and at the elbows, which provide extra ventilation and comfort. These features help reduce the risk of chafing in sensitive areas. The cropped design also improves airflow to the abdomen, making it easier for athletes to access their waist belt during ultramarathons.

The materials used in the top are designed to dry quickly and absorb less sweat and water than traditional tops, further enhancing comfort during long runs.

The Future of Trail Running

While the Radical AirFlow top may not be the most conventional choice for everyday runners, its benefits could make it an appealing option for those looking to improve performance. However, it will not be available to the general public until 2026. In 2025, only Nike elite athletes will have access to the top as it continues to be refined for its retail launch next year.

Alongside the innovative top, Nike has also launched the ACG Ultrafly, a trail-running shoe that builds upon the success of the previous model. This new version is lighter and more flexible, thanks to a redesigned carbon plate that allows for greater flexibility on uneven terrain. The upper has also been updated to be more breathable and to drain water faster.

The midsole remains composed of Nike’s springy ZoomX foam, and the sockliner is made from the same material. A Vibram Litebase outsole ensures grip on various surfaces, making the ACG Ultrafly suitable for a wide range of trail conditions.

Like the Radical AirFlow top, the ACG Ultrafly will not be available for purchase until 2026. The price has yet to be announced, but it is expected to be similar to the $270 / £230 price tag of the previous model.

As Nike continues to push the boundaries of running gear, both in terms of footwear and apparel, it's clear that the future of running is being redefined. Whether it's through groundbreaking shoe technology or innovative clothing designs, the brand is setting new standards for performance and comfort.